Профессиональный английский язык/ преподаватель Щаева А.М.
Выполнить все задания в практических работах 1-15
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
РАБОТА № 1
Задание 1
Прочитайте и
устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3 абзацы.
REDUCTION GEARS AND
COUPLINGS
On practically
all turbine ships, main turbines drive the propellers through mechanical reduction
gears or by electrical transmission. When reduction gears are used, flexible
couplings are employed between the turbines and the gear sets.
Gears or
toothed wheels are used to transmit rotary motion and torque from one shaft to
another which may have a different speed or different direction of rotation or
both.
Most present-day merchant marine turbines operate at speeds ranging
between 3,000 and 10,000 r.p.m. and are connected to large, slow-turning
propellers which operate at anywhere from 80 to 100 r.p.m. Consequently, a
double reduction main propulsion gear unit is required to provide the necessary
speed reduction. Conventional practice employs two compound turbines, high
pressure and low pressure, which connected through the gearing, drive n single
propeller. One a type of double reduction gear unit is known as the
articulated.
To minimize the
effects of hull distortion and provide for slight thermal expansion of various
parts, turbine, and pinion shafts are connected through couplings.
Turbine couplings
may be of the solid or flexible type.
Solid couplings
are generally used for small units, where the turbine and the driven member are
mounted on a common bed or foundation.
Words to be Learnt
toothed
- зубчатый
torque
- вращающий момент
consequently
- как следствие
conventional
- традиционный
articulated
- цепная (передача)
distortion
- деформация
pinion shaft -
ведущая шестерня
misalignment
- несоосность, несовпадение с
осью
strain
- напряжение
claw -
кулак, выступ
Notes
flexible coupling -
упругая муфта, соединение
gear set -
узел редуктора
to drive through a reduction gear -
приводить в движение через редуктор
double reduction gear
- двухступенчатый редуктор
speed reduction -
понижение скорости (частоты вращения)
solid coupling -
жесткая муфта
driving and driven unit -
приводящий и приводимый в действие агрегат
claw coupling -
кулачковая муфта
Задание 2
Переведите предложения с английского языка на
русский.
1) For large turbines driving the propeller through
a reduction gear or turbines driving auxiliaries, where the driving and driven
units each have their own two bearings, a flexible coupling is necessary.
2) Flexible couplings permit some slight
misalignment after installation, such as caused by pipe strains, expansion due
to heat and others.
3) In the
propulsion turbines the claw and gear tooth types are used for rotors
and pinions connection.
4) Turbines
drive the propellers by electrical transmission and minimize the
hull
distortion through couplings, which are mounted on a solid foundation.
5) The shafts
rotate at different speeds and in different directions.
Задание 3
Ответьте письменно на вопросы.
1)
How do main turbines drive
the propellers?
2)
What is employed between
the turbines and gear sets when reduction gears are used?
3)
What are gears used for?
4)
At what speed do most
present-day merchant marine turbines operate?
5)
To what device are turbines
connected?
6)
At what number of
revolutions do large, slow-turning propellers operate?
7)
What provides the necessary
speed reduction?
8)
How are the high pressure
and low pressure turbines connected to each other?
9)
How are turbine and pinion
shafts connected?
10) What types of couplings do you know and what are they used for?
Задание 4
Переведите с
русского языка на английский.
1) Зубчатые колёса передают вращательное движение
от одного вала к другому.
2) Современные морские турбины работают с частотой
вращения до 10000.
3) Для уменьшения частоты вращения используется
двухступенчатый редуктор.
4) Муфты используются для того, чтобы обеспечить
тепловое расширение частей, они бывают жесткие и эластичные.
5) Жесткие муфты используются, когда турбина и
приводной элемент смонтированы на общем валу, а гибкая, эластичная муфта
используется, когда винт приводится в движение через редуктор.
6) Турбина приводит винт в движение
через редуктор
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТА № 2
Задание 1
Прочитайте и
устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3 абзацы.
PROPELLERS
A propeller for a modern cargo or passenger ship consists of a boss and
3-5 propeller blades cast in bronze alloy, the main components of which are
normally Cu, Al and Ni. The rear surfaces of the blades – called the pressure
side of the propeller – are shaped approximately the same as a thread surface.
The pressure
surfaces of the propeller blades can be imagined as being produced by turning a
line segment at constant angular velocity around one end point. On some
propellers, the angle between the line segment and the axis of rotation is less
than 90°.
The distance
that the line segment moves along the axis during the course of one revolution
is called the pitch of the propeller, this often being designated by the letter
H. The propeller is said to be
right-handed if it rotates clockwise when seen from astern during forward
propulsion. If the opposite is the case then it is said to be left-handed. The
edge of the propeller blade, which cuts into the water is known as the leading
edge. The opposite edge is called the trailing edge. The diameter D of the propeller is the diameter of
the circle described during rotation by the extremity of the blade, called the
propeller tip. The area of this circle is called the disc area of the propeller. The ratio HD is called the pitch ratio.
When a
propeller rotates in the water, a partial vacuum arises at the suction side of
the blades. This vacuum is not constant but can vary both with regard to time
and place.
Notes
boss of the propeller - ступица гребного винта
to be shaped as a thread surface - иметь форму поверхности с нарезкой
at constant angular velocity - с
постоянной угловой скоростью
axis of rotation
- ось вращения
pitch of the propeller - шаг винта
right (left)-handed propeller - винт правого (левого) вращения
if the opposite is the case - в противоположном случае
edge of the blade
- кромка лопасти
trailing edge -
кромка свободного вращения винта
pitch ratio -
шаговое отношение
with regard to time and place - в
зависимости от времени и места
relevant place
- соответствующее место
Remember the types of the propellers.
constant pitch propeller (c.p.p.) — винт постоянного (по радиусу) шага;
controllable-pitch propeller (cpp) — гребной винт регулируемого шага;
controllable-reversible pitch propeller (c.r.p.p.)
— реверсивный ВРШ;
contra (counter) rotating propellers (CRP) — противоположно вращающиеся (соосные) гребные винты
Mind the translation
as being produced by — как полученные путем
this often being designated by — что часто обозначается с помощью
Задание 2
Переведите
предложения с английского языка на русский.
1) If the pressure created is lower than the pressure
of the saturated water vapour at the temperature of the surroundings, the water
will boil at the relevant place, and steam bubbles are formed and this gives
rise to the phenomenon known as cavitation.
2) Propellers with adjustable blades (controllable
pitch propellers) are a further development of the normal propeller with fixed
blades.
3) By means of various types of adjusting mechanism,
these propellers can be at various pitches from full pitch for sailing ahead
and through zero pitch to full pitch for sailing astern.
4) A propeller is of great importance for a modern cargo or passenger ship
and usually it consists of a boss and 3-5 propeller blades.
5) There are different types of propellers: constant
pitch propeller, controllable-pitch propeller,
controllable-reversible pitch propeller, contra or counter rotating propellers
Задание 3
Ответьте письменно на вопросы.
1)
What does a propeller for a
modern cargo consist of?
2)
What are the main
components of propeller blades?
3)
Is the angle between the
line segment and the axis of rotation less or more than 90°?
4)
What is the pitch of the
propeller?
5)
What is known as the
leading edge?
6)
The opposite edge is called
the trailing edge, isn’t it?
7)
What is called the disc
area of the propeller?
Задание 4
Переведите с русского языка на английский.
1)
В
зависимости от назначения ступица грибного винта может быть разного размера.
2)
Следует
неукоснительно соблюдать технику безопасности, в противоположном случае
неизбежна поломка кромки лопасти.
3)
Гребной
винт регулируемого шага занимает соответствующее место.
4) Противоположно вращающиеся
гребные винты следует проверять каждые полгода.
5)
Лопасти винта запутались в рыбацких сетях.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТА № 3
Задание 1
Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3 абзацы.
STARTING
Before starting
a unit certain precautions ought to be taken to make sure that the unit is
ready for operation. The unit should be absolutely clean inside and out, and
all parts securely fastened.
The following
procedure for starting the unit should be observed: measure clearances where
indicators are installed. Sее that the
turbine rotors and gears move freely. This may be. done by turning the units by
means of a motor-driven turning gear.
All valves and
cocks for draining water from the main steam pipe, manoeuvring valves and
turbine casings should be opened.
All steam
valves at the manoeuvring gear and about the turbines should be closed.
The cocks to
the pressure and vacuum gauges on the turbine and condenser should be open.
Determine that
there is a supply of circulating water through the oil cooler by turning on the
water and then turning it off.
Inspect the
lubricating oil system carefully. It sometimes happens that the oil in the
system becomes cold and viscous because of the weather or of the location of
the oil tanks. Therefore, before starting the equipment it may be necessary to
heat the oil in the tanks sufficiently to allow it to flow freely. The initial
temperature of the oil should not be generally lower than 90°F.
Warm up turbine
by running slowly, alternately ahead and astern. It is desirable to allow a
reasonable time for warming up, say for one hour.
Words to be Learnt
precaution
- предосторожность;
to fasten
- закреплять;
securely
- надежно;
to measure clearances - замерить зазоры;
turning gear
- валоповоротка;
to become viscous
- становиться вязким;
to warm the turbine up - прогреть турбину;
to preclude -
исключать;
preferable
- предпочтительный;
to omit -
опускать;
throttle valve -
дроссельный клапан;
unequal heating -
неравномерный прогрев;
consequent
- последующий;
warping
- перекос, изгиб;
rolling
прокатка, проворачивание.
Notes
certain precautions ought to be taken -
следует принять определенные меры предосторожности;
rotors and gears move freely
- роторы и шестерни свободны;
by running slowly
- медленно вращая;
to start the turbine turning
- для страгивания турбины;
rolling alternately ahead and astern
- попеременное проворачивание на передний и
задний ход;
to bring the turbine up to speed - вывести турбину на заданную скорость;
to bring the vacuum up to normal - довести вакуум до нормы.
Задание 2
Переведите предложения с английского языка на
русский.
1) If conditions are such as to preclude alternate
running ahead and astern, it is preferable to omit the warming operation
entirely.
1)
In this event
it is especially important that the first opening of the throttle valve be
sufficient to start the turbine turning at once, to avoid unequal heating of
the rotor and consequent warping.
2)
If the unit has
been shut down for a few hours only, and the turbines are still warm, it is
essential that the rolling alternately ahead and astern be carried out before
bringing the unit up to speed.
3)
Start first
stage of the air ejectors, bringing vacuum up to normal.
4)
Unit is now
ready to manoeuvre or operate.
Задание 3
Ответьте письменно на вопросы.
1) What ought you to do before starting a unit?
2) In what condition should the unit be inside and
out?
3) Where should you measure (check) clearances?
4)
How must the
turbine rotors and gears move?
5)
By means of what device do
you check the turbine rotor and gear movement?
6)
What valves and cocks
should be opened?
7)
What must be done to all
steam valves at the manoeuvring gear find about the turbines when starting?
8)
Should the cooks to the
pressure and vacuum gauges on the turbine and condenser be closed?
9)
How do you determine that
there is a supply of circulating water?
10)Why should you inspect the lubricating system carefully?
11)Why should you heat the oil? Name the minimum allowable initial oil
temperature.
Задание 4
Переведите с русского языка на английский.
1) Для того, чтобы предотвратить изгиб
следует принять определённые меры предосторожности.
2) Иногда случается, что дроссельный
клапан закреплён ненадёжно.
3) Валоповоротка вращается слишком
медленно.
4) Неравномерный прогрев может сильно
затруднить работу машины.
5) Чтобы довести вакуум до нормы
необходимо чётко следовать инструкции.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
РАБОТА № 4
Задание 1
Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3 абзацы.
VIBRATION
Vibration is caused by lack of balance in the rotating parts of
machinery. It has always been a source of trouble, due not only to the fact
that the excessive wear on the bearings caused by vibration affects the
accuracy and life of the machinery, but also to the fact that the exact point
of "unbalance" has been difficult to locate and difficult to correct.
If in building
up speed a turbine starts to vibrate, slow down immediately. If the vibration ceases at a lower speed,
run at that speed for several moments. Then, again attempt to
build up the speed. If no further vibration is noted it may be assumed that the
trouble was probably due to unequal heating of
the rotor or to an accumulation of water in the turbine. If the vibration does
not cease at a lower speed steps should immediately be taken to locate and
remedy the trouble.
When the
turbine begins to vibrate and rumbling is heard coming from it, the trouble is
due to water or other foreign matter in the turbine. If after slowing down or
correcting faulty boiler operation the trouble is not eliminated, the turbine
must, except in case of emergency, be shut down. If a sharp metallic sound is
heard after the rumbling noise, it may be assumed that part of the blading has
been damaged; the turbine must be shut down and not used until the cause of the
trouble has been found.
Words to be Learnt
excessive
- чрезмерный;
wear - износ;
point
- зд. место;
to cease
- прекращаться;
rumbling - стук;
accurate alignment
- точная центровка;
smooth operation
- плавная работа;
to absorb
- поглощать;
shock - удар;
eccentric loading
- эксцентричная нагрузка;
to mesh -
входить в зацепление;
to set up
- производить;
severe vibration
- резкая вибрация;
disturbing forces
- возмущающие усилия;
to pinch
- зажимать (о корпусе)
to loose
- ослаблять
Notes
lack of balance
- отсутствие баланса;
a source of trouble
- источник
неполадок;
caused by vibration
- вызванный вибрацией;
to build up speed -
повышать скорость, доводить до заданного числа оборотов;
to run at that speed
- работать на такой скорости;
it may be assumed
- можно допустить;
the trouble is due to - неполадки происходят из-за;
steps should be taken - следует предпринять шаги;
to remedy the trouble - исправить повреждение;
in case of emergency - в
случае чрезвычайной необходимости;
mechanical power transmission means -
механические средства передачи мощности;
tо fall in step with
- совпадать, попасть в такт с….
Задание 2
Переведите предложения с английского языка на
русский.
1) Flexible couplings should be aligned as accurately
as possible because although they will absorb the shock caused by eccentric
loading, impulses will be transmitted to the shafts and will cause vibration.
2) Mechanical power transmission means are often the
cause of vibration.
3) Gears, which are inaccurately cut, worn, or are not
meshing properly will set up disturbing forces.
4) If they fall in step with a resonant frequency of
the machine, severe vibration will result.
5) The bearing may be unaligned or pinched in the
housing, or may be loose in the housing.
Задание 3
Ответьте письменно на вопросы.
1)
Does the wear on bearing cause
vibration?
2)
Is it easy or difficult to
locate the disbalance?
3)
Under what conditions
should you immediately slow the turbine down?
4)
If the vibration does not
cease at a lower speed what should you do?
5)
When rumbling is heard from
the turbine what is the trouble due to?
Задание 4
Переведите с русского языка на английский.
1) Аварийная ситуация возникает при
попадании инородного предмета в корпус.
2) Источником неполадок является
возмущающие усилия возникающие в результате резкой вибрации.
3) Чрезмерный износ двигателя может
привести к аварийной ситуации.
4) В случае чрезвычайной необходимости
следует предпринять необходимые меры и исправить повреждения.
5) Неправильная эксплуатация двигателя
приводит к отсутствию баланса.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
РАБОТА № 5
Задание 1
Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3 абзацы.
UNDER WAY AND SHUTTING-DOWN
When starting
under way the following procedure should be observed: close recirculating line
when the load is sufficient to provide the necessary condensate for the air
ejector condensers.
Open the proper
combination of nozzles to obtain designed steam chest pressure and maximum
economy. Close all drains. Control the lubricating oil system checking all
bearing temperatures and pressures at least once every watch and record data.
Check the location of the turbine
rotors by means of the clearance indicators to determine wear in the thrust
bearings. This should be done at least once a week while at sea.
When finished with
the engine shut off the main steam stop valve and shut down the air ejectors,
allowing the vacuum to break through the air ejector vents. Shut off the
gland-sealing steam. Shut down the main circulating pump.
Open all
turbine and manoeuvring drain valves. Keep the condenser pumps working until
the turbine is thoroughly drained. Then shut down the pumps. To keep the
turbine interiors dry, it is important that the air pumps or ejectors he run
for about 1/2 hour every second day to draw fresh air through the turbine.
Connect the
turning gear and roll the unit for about 2 hours. After the turning gear has
been disconnected, shut down the lubricating pumps.
Words to be Learnt
to observe
- соблюдать;
designed
- зд. расчетный;
steam chest -
парораспределительная коробка;
clearance indicator
- индикатор зазора;
to draw (drew; drawn) through - зд. пропустить;
to roll the unit
- крутить установку;
to disconnect
- разобщать;
gear spray nozzle
- маслоподающее сопло;
gear teeth
- зубья шестерни
Notes
at least once every watch - по крайней мере один раз за вахту;
to break the vacuum through the air ejector
vents -
снять вакуум с помощью воздушных клапанов;
gland-sealing steam
- пар уплотнений;
to keep the turbine interiors dry - сохранять внутреннюю часть турбины сухой;
when finished with the engine - когда машина остановлена;
to keep the pumps working
- держать насосы а рабочем
состоянии;
the load is sufficient - нагрузка достаточна;
to let the rotors come to rest - дать роторам установиться.
Задание 2
Переведите предложения с английского языка на
русский.
1) Every day start the oil pump and force a fresh
supply of clean oil through all bearings, and to the gear spray nozzles if gears are fitted.
2) While the oil is being circulated, turn the turbine rotors through 1 1/2 revolutions of
the propeller in order to oil all the gear
teeth and to let the rotors come to rest in
new position.
3) The unit was working for 2 hours and the air ejector
was running for about 1/2 hour.
4) To observe requirements on storage of dangerous materials is difficult.
5) Exhaust takes place axially into the main
condenser, which is located immediately forward, and in the same plane, as the
main turbine.
Задание 3
Ответьте письменно на вопросы.
1) What procedures should be observed when under way?
2) What should you do to obtain designed steam
pressure?
3) Should the bearing temperatures be controlled every
watch? Why so?
4) Can you enumerate all the procedures that should be
observed when finished with the engine?
5) Why should the air pumps or ejectors run every
second day after stopping?
6) When can you shut down the lubricating pumps?
7) What procedures should be observed every day?
8) Why should you turn the turbine rotors? Can you explain
it?
Задание 4
Переведите с русского языка на английский.
1) Чтобы записать данные необходимо снять
показания с прибора.
2) Когда машина остановлена, не
обязательно держать насосы в рабочем состоянии.
3) Когда нагрузка достаточна, прибор
отключается автоматически.
4) Внутреннюю часть турбины необходимо
сохранять сухой, чтобы избежать аварийных ситуаций.
5) В случае необходимости вакуум можно
снять с помощью воздушных клапанов.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
РАБОТА №6
Задание 1
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая
внимание на перевод специальных терминов.
PUMPING SYSTEMS
Marine pumping systems can be basically divided into two sections: the
pumps which provide essential and non-essential services to the main engines,
auxiliary plant and for domestic requirements, and the pumps which are required
to handle the cargo carried by the ship. In this former case, all powered
vessels must be fitted with some form of pumping system to cool and lubricate
the main and auxiliary engines, to provide salt water for fire fighting
services and fresh water for domestic use. As the size and complexity of the
ships are, in general, rising and the engines becoming more powerful, the
pumping systems must be capable of meeting these greater demands while being
completely reliable and having a good maintenance rate. The types of pumps
fitted in engine rooms handle either oil or water, with the latter type
normally being a centrifugal unit while oil pumps tend to be rotary, screw or
displacement pumps, i.e. bilge pump, where a large amount of foreign matter in
the water may clog a centrifugal pump. On a stream turbine powered ship the
highest capacity pump is normally the main condenser circulation pump and with
the case of a scoop circulation cooling system, only one pump need to be
fitted. Modern types of circulation pumps tend to be of an axial flow propeller
type unit, which has a maximum rating of 32,000 m3/h at a head of
6.5 m. A feature of this type of pump is the relatively large capacity required
at a small head. This pump is usually a vertical shaft unit mounted in the
pipeline.
Задание 2
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания
|
pumping
systems
|
системы перекачивания
|
|
essential
services
|
основные системы
|
|
domestic
requirements
|
хозяйственные нужды
|
|
to handle
cargo
|
обрабатывать груз
|
|
fire fighting
services
|
противопожарные службы
|
|
to meet the
demands
|
отвечать требованиям, потребностям
|
|
to be
completely reliable
|
быть полностью надежным
|
|
maintenance
rate
|
эксплуатационные показатели
|
|
rotary pump
|
ротационный насос
|
|
screw (single
screw) pump
|
винтовой насос
|
|
displacement
pump
|
объемный насос, вытесняющий
|
|
reciprocating
pump
|
поршневой, плунжерный насос
|
|
bilge pump
|
осушительный трюмный насос
|
|
to clog a
pump
|
засорить насос
|
|
centrifugal
pump
|
центробежный насос
|
|
scoop system
|
заборная система
|
|
pump head
|
напор насоса
|
|
pump capacity
|
производительность насоса
|
|
propeller
pump
|
осевой насос
|
Задание 3
Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1)
Into what sections can
marine pumping sections be divided?
2)
For what purpose must all
powered vessels be fitted with some form of pumping system?
3)
What substances may the
pumps fitted in engine rooms handle?
4)
What types of oil pumps can
you name?
5)
Do the reciprocating pumps
have some special duties?
6)
How many pumps have to be
fitted in case of a scoop circulation cooling system?
7)
What type of unit modern
circulation pumps tend to be? What is their maximum rating?
8)
What is the main feature of
the circulation pump?
Задание 4
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык
1)
All powered vessels must be
fitted with some form of pumping system to cool and lubricate the main and
auxiliary engines.
2)
The pumping systems must be
capable of meeting these greater demands while being completely reliable and
having a good maintenance rate.
3)
The types of pumps fitted
in the engine rooms handle either oil or water.
4)
Some reciprocating pumps
are still fitted for special duties, i.e. bilge pump, where a large amount of
foreign matter in the water may clog a centrifugal pump.
5)
Modern types of circulation
pumps tend to be of an axial propeller type unit, which has a maximum rating of
32,000 m3/h at a head of 6.5 m
Задание 5
Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка
на английский.
1) Все морские системы перекачивания
состоят из насосов, которые обеспечивают работу основных двигателей,
вспомогательных установок, а также насосов, которые требуются для обработки
груза, перевозимого судном.
2) Насосы, перекачивающие воду, обычно
бывают центробежного типа, в то время, как насосы, перекачивающие нефть, могут
быть ротационными, винтовыми или плунжерными.
3) Иногда необходимо установить
осушительный трюмный насос, так как большое количество инородных тел в воде
может привести к засорению центробежного насоса.
4) Для обеспечения нормальной работы
заборной системы необходим только один насос с достаточным напором и
производительностью.
5)
Одним из типов современных циркуляционных насосов является осевой насос,
основной характеристикой которого является относительно высокая
производительность при малом напоре.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТА № 7
Задание 1
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая
внимание на перевод специальных терминов.
VERTICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
The most common type of pump to be found
in engine room of both stream turbine and Diesel engine powered vessels is the
centrifugal unit designed to handle either salt water of fresh water. The
vertical shaft unit consists of a one –impeller centrifugal pump and of an
electric motor connected to it through rigid coupling. The motor is connected
to the pump by means of connecting brackets.
Pump casing. The pump consists of a vertically split casing, or volute, the two
halves of which are connected to by means of studs. The stationary part is
fitted with the suction and discharge nozzles to prevent disturbing pipe
connections during disassembly and reassembly of the pump. On the top side, the
pump-driver connecting bracket is flanged and secured by means of studs. The
electric motor is located on the bracket. Where the shaft passes through the
pump casing, this forms a stuffing box fitted with packings. These packings are
not to be pressed too tight by the packing gland so as to allow a few drops of
liquid to seep through as this is a good sign of a satisfactory lubrication. On
the bottom side the pump casing is closed by the small cover.
Shaft.
The shaft is connected to the motor by means of rigid coupling. Impeller is
keyed onto the shaft by means of shaft key. Two top and one bottom bushings
complete the lining of the shaft which remains thus protected against the
liquid handled. The entire rotating system is locked by the cap nut secured by
the screw. The rubber ring gasket prevents liquid from seeping out of the pump
and air from entering along the shaft line. Collars have been worked out on the
sides of the impeller. Seal rings adhere on these collars with very slight
clearance and without rubbing.
Lubrication.
Packings are lubricated by means of the liquid handled flowing from the
discharge chamber of the pump through an internal hole. The guide bushing is
lubricated through grease lubricator.
Rigid
coupling. The rigid coupling of a sleeve keyed on to the motor shaft end
and by the top of the pump, sleeve-shaped pump top shaft, rigidly connected
together by means of bolts.
Задание 2
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
|
vertical
shaft unit
|
вертикальный агрегат
|
|
impeller
|
крылатка
|
|
rigid
|
жесткий
|
|
coupling
|
муфта
|
|
bracket
|
кронштейн, фонарь
|
|
split
|
разъемный
|
|
casing
|
корпус
|
|
stud
|
шпилька
|
|
discharge
nozzle
|
выходное сопло
|
|
to disturb
|
нарушать
|
|
to flange
|
отбортовывать, загибать кромку
|
|
to secure
|
крепить, закреплять
|
|
stuffing box
|
уплотнительная коробка
|
|
packing
|
набивка
|
|
tight
|
плотный
|
|
packing
glands
|
нажимная втулка
|
|
to seep
|
просачиваться
|
|
to key
|
закрепить шпонкой
|
|
bushing
|
вкладыш
|
|
lining
|
облицовка
|
|
to lock
|
запирать, закрывать
|
|
collar
|
буртик, кольцо, фланец
|
|
seal
|
уплотнительный
|
|
clearance
|
зазор
|
|
rubbing
|
трение, касание
|
|
flowing
|
текущий
|
|
guide
|
направляющий
|
|
grease
|
консистентная смазка
|
|
sleeve
|
втулка
|
|
rating
|
мощность
|
|
inlet nozzle
|
впускное, приемное сопло
|
Задание 3
Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1)
What is the most often used
type of pumps in the ships?
2)
Where are the pumps to be
found?
3)
What is the function of the
pumps?
4)
What does the pump consist
of?
5)
What are the means by which
the two valves are connected?
6)
What is the stationary
plant fitted with?
7)
Where is a stuffing box
with packings formed?
8)
How should these packings
be pressed?
9)
Is it good when liquid
seeps through the packings?
10) Is impeller keyed onto the shaft?
Задание 4
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1)
The vertical shaft unit
consists of a pump and an electric motor connected to it through the rigid
coupling.
2)
The impeller is keyed onto
the shaft by means of a key, and the shaft is connected to the motor by means
of a rigid coupling.
3)
The stationary part is
fitted with the suction and discharged nozzles to prevent disturbing pipe
connections during disassembly and reassembly of a pump.
4)
The guide bushing is
lubricated through the grease lubricator and the packings are lubricated by
means of the liquid handled.
5)
Seal rings adhere on the
collars with very slight clearance
Задание 5
Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка
на английский.
1) Самый распространенный тип насоса,
находящегося в машинном отделении – это центробежный насос, спроектированный
для подачи пресной и морской воды.
2) Корпус насоса снизу закрывается
крышкой, а половинки разъемного корпуса насоса крепятся болтами.
3) Набивки в уплотнительной коробке не должны
быть сдавлены нажимной втулкой слишком плотно, чтобы несколько капель жидкости
могли просачиваться через уплотнение.
4) Крылатка насаживается на вал и фиксируется
шпонкой, а вал соединяется с двигателем с помощью жесткой муфты.
5) Жесткая муфта состоит из втулки,
закрепленной шпонкой с концом вала мотора и верхним концом насоса.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТА № 8
Задание 1
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая
внимание на перевод специальных терминов.
SHIP’S POWER PLANT AUXILIARIES
A centralized freshwater cooling system is fitted on board, using
plate-type heat exchangers/ The low-temperature section covers the main engine
and auxiliary engine’s compressors, intercoolers and lube oil coolers. Fresh
water for these systems is supplied at a constant 35’C through an electronic
control valve, while another valve supplies the high-temperature division – the
main engine cylinders, fresh water generator, and injector nozzle cooling heat
exchangers. The seawater side of the two plate-type heat exchangers is
controlled manually.
There are fuel and lubricating oil treatment systems. The former uses
two units, and fuel from the day tank is delivered via a mixing pipe to
transfer pumps which in turn deliver it via a final heater and filter to the
main engine. Constant viscosity is ensured by a measuring and control system.
Fresh water is generated by an Atlas AFGU 31 unit with a capacity of 14
ton/day; it works in conjunction with a water softener and a sterilizing unit,
while dirty water and sewage is handled by a chemical plant.
Boiler feed pump. The pump type unique to a steam turbine vessel is the boiler feed pump
which suffers a particularly arduous duty, for although the throughput of the
pump may not be large, the discharge pressure is normally required to be at
least 1000 lbs/in2 i.e. the four Warren feed pumps fitted to
Sea-Land McLean are each rated at 980 gall/min at a discharge pressure of 125
lbs/in2. One of the most widely used feed pumps is manufactured by
the FMC Corp under the name of Coffin. This unit is a steam turbine powered
two-stage centrifugal pump mounted on a common base. The turbine comprises a
single stage, velocity compounded axial flow turbine which operates at 8500
rev/min, with sealing achieved by means of a labyrinth type gland.
Задание 2
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
|
Freshwater
cooling system
|
Система охлаждения пресной воды
|
||
|
heat
exchanger
|
теплообменник
|
||
|
to cover
|
обслуживать
|
||
|
intercooler
|
промежуточный охладитель
|
||
|
lube oil
(lubricating)
|
смазочное масло
|
||
|
c. p.
propeller (controllable pitch propeller)
|
винт регулируемого шага
|
||
|
injector
nozzle
|
сопло форсунка
|
||
|
treatment
system
|
система обработки
|
||
|
day tank
|
расходный танк
|
||
|
mixing pipe
|
смесительная цистерна
|
||
|
dirty water
|
хозяйственная вода
|
||
|
constant
viscosity
|
постоянная вязкость
|
||
|
in
conjunction with
|
в сочетании с
|
||
|
unique to a
vessel
|
единственный для судна
|
|
|
|
boiler feed
pump
|
котельный питательный насос
|
|
|
|
to suffer
|
выполнять
|
|
|
|
arduous duty
|
трудная работа
|
|
|
|
throughput of
the pump
|
производительность насоса
|
|
|
|
discharge
pressure
|
выходное давление
|
|
|
|
pump mounted
on a common base
|
насос, смонтированный на общем основании
|
|
|
|
velocity
compounded
|
смешанная скорость
|
|
|
|
labyrinth
type gland
|
лабиринтовое уплотнение
|
|
|
Задание 3
Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1) What system
is fitted on board of the ship?
2)
Enumerate all the devices
that the low temperature section of the system covers.
3)
At what temperature is the
fresh water for these systems supplied?
4)
How many units does fuel
oil treatment system use?
5)
What is the capacity, rate
of four pumps described?
6)
What is the duty of the
boiler pump?
7)
Is the unit a two-stage
centrifugal pump?
8)
At what number of
revolutions does the turbine operate?
9)
What type of sealing is
used in turbine?
Задание 4
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1) The
low-temperature section covers the main engines and auxiliary engine’s
compressors, intercoolers and lube oil coolers, the control room and
accommodation air conditioning and c. p. propeller oil coolers.
2) The seawater
side of the two plate-type heat exchanger is controlled manually.
3) The constant
viscosity is ensured by a measuring and control system.
4) The boiler
feed pump suffers a particularly arduous duty although the throughput of the
pump may not be large.
5) This unit is
a steam turbine powered two-stage centrifugal pump mounted on a common base.
Задание 5
Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка
на английский.
1) Централизованная система охлаждения
пресной водой устанавливается на борту судна с помощью пластичных теплообменников.
2) Пресная вода для этой системы подаётся
при постоянной температуре через электрический клапан, а другой клапан
обеспечивает подачу при высокой температуре.
3) Система обработки использует расходный
танк и смесительную цистерну, с помощью которых топливо подаётся в насосы.
4) Этот агрегат – это двухступенчатый
центробежный насос, смонтированный на общем основании.
5)
Котельный
питательный насос выполняет особенно трудную работу, причём требуемое выходное
давление должно быть по крайней мере 1000 галлонов в минуту.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
РАБОТА № 9
Задание 1
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая
внимание на перевод специальных терминов.
MAIN/AUXILIARY MACHINERY
COMBINATION
An unusual and
flexible propulsion machinery arrangement has been specified for this class of
chemical tankers. To provide a trials speed of 16 knots, three Fiat
medium-speed main engines are installed and are arranged to drive through a
Lohmann and Stolterfoht reduction gear to a four-bladed, 4300 mm diameter,
Kameva c. p. propeller which turns at 160 rev/min. A Fiat B3012SS 12-cylinder,
vee-type, four-stroke engine developing 3000 bhp at 500 rev/min is arranged at
the aft end of the gearbox while\two smaller
Fiat B306SS engines of 1500 bhp at 500 rev/min, are arranged forward of the
gearbox. The larger main engine is mounted on a platform at a higher level than
the two smaller engines, with the propeller shaft running beneath this engine
but on the same centre height as the smaller units. Each engine is connected to
the respective gearbox input shaft through a Pneumaflex elastic clutch
coupling, while mounted at the forward end of the gearbox is the Kamewa oil
distribution box. The two smaller propulsion engines are also arranged to act
as auxiliary machines by the provision of a power-take-off shaft at the forward
end of both. Each engine drives a 330 kVA, 380 volt, 50 cycles NEBB alternator
and, at the forward end of each alternator, a Frank Mohn reduction gear unit
which is in turn connected to four hydraulic pressure pumps. Between the
forward main engines and alternator, and between the alternator and gear unit
are fitted 1 Lohmann and 4 Stolterfoht Spirofiex couplings. For engagement of
the hydraulic pumps, friction clutches are built into the power-take-off gears,
with the four pumps arranged to operate at 1600 rev/min. Each power-take-off
gearbox is provided with its own separate lubrication system and only one
pumping unit (four pumps) can be in use at any time.
Задание 2
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания.
|
propulsion
|
поступательное движение, двигатель
|
|
flexible
|
гибкий
|
|
tanker
|
наливное судно, танкер
|
|
arrangement
|
устройство, приспособление
|
|
main engine
|
главный двигатель
|
|
gear
|
привод, сцепление
|
|
reduction
gear
|
редуктор
|
|
blade
|
крыло, лопасть
|
|
propeller
|
винт, воздушный гребной винт
|
|
vee-type
|
клиновидная форма
|
|
engagement
|
зацепление
|
|
auxiliary
engine
|
вспомогательный двигатель
|
|
pressure pump
|
насос высокого давления
|
|
shaft
|
коленчатый
|
|
lubrication
system
|
система смазки
|
|
friction
|
трение, фрикционный
|
|
to mount
|
устанавливать
|
|
aft
|
корма, задний
|
|
stroke
|
ход
|
|
gearbox
|
коробка передач
|
|
clutch
|
сцепление, муфта
|
|
coupling
|
соединение, муфта
|
|
distribution
|
распространение, распределение
|
|
alternator
|
генератор переменного тока
|
|
c. p.
propeller
|
винт регулируемого шага
|
Задание 3
Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1)What kind of machinery
arrangement has been specified for that class of chemical tankers?
2) What type of the engines
are installed there?
3) What are the
characteristics of the Fiat engine?
4) How do the main and
smaller engines operate?
5) What is connected to the
hydraulic pressure pumps?
6) Between what units are
Lohmann and Stolterfoht couplings fitted?
7) For what purpose are the
clutches built into the gears?
8) What is the
power-take-off gearbox provided with?
Задание 4
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1) Each engine is connected
to the respective gearbox input shaft through a Pneumaflex elastic clutch
coupling.
2) Three fiat medium-speed
main engines are installed and are arranged to drive through a Lohmann and
Stolterfoht reduction gear to a four-bladed, 4300 mm diameter c. p. propeller.
3) The propeller shaft is
running beneath this engine but on the same centre height as the smaller units.
4) Between the forward main
engines and alternator, and between the alternator and the gear unit 1 Lohmann
and 4 Stolterfoht Spirofiex couplings are fitted.
5) A fiat
12-cylinder, vee-type, four-stroke engine developing 3000 bhp at 500 rev/min is
arranged at the aft end of the gearbox.
Задание 5
Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка
на английский.
1) Необычная комбинация установок главных и
вспомогательных механизмов была предложена для этого типа танкеров.
2) Два меньших двигателя расположены так, чтобы
действовать в качестве вспомогательных установок, на переднем конце каждого из
них имеется вал, снижающий мощность.
3) Каждая из коробок передач для снижения мощности
оснащена отдельной системой смазки, и только одна качающая установка (из 4
насосов) может быть использована в любое время.
4) Один 4-ёхтактный двигатель установлен на заднем
конце коробки передач, а два малых двигателя располагаются на её переднем
конце.
5) Для зацепления гидравлических насосов фрикционные
муфты встроены в приводы, снижающие мощность, с 4 насосами, работающие на 1600
оборотах в минуту.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТА № 10
Задание 1
Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая
внимание на специальные термины.
GERMAN-BUILT MAIN AND AUXILIARY ENGINES
The main engine
installed in the “Al Kabeer” is a Deutz SBV8M540 four-stroke unit developing
4000 bhp at 600 rev/min and coupled to a fixed-pitch propeller arranged in a
Kort steering nozzle, through a Modern Wheel Drive reverse/reduction gearbox.
To further aid maneuvering a Stone Manganese Manne bow thruster which is
hydraulically-operated and rated at 230 hp, is provided. The machinery space is
designed to be continuously manned and no control room has been provided,
through the engine and gearbox movements are controlled from the bridge. Two
large and two smaller auxiliary diesel engine sets are provided. The two
smaller units each comprise a Deutz FLM716 machine developing 158 bhp at 1800
rev/min and flexibly-coupled to a 105 kW, 440 volt, 50 cycle alternator while
the larger auxiliary sets are each driven by a 232-bhp Deutz BF6M716 diesel
engine. The starboard side larger unit of the above is coupled at the aft end to a two-stage
Merryweather fire pump of 91001/min capacity and, at the forward end, a 105 kW
alternator. A similarly rated fire pump is coupled to the port side principal
auxiliary engine set though in this case the alternator has been substituted by
a hydraulic pump, driven from the forward end, for the bow thruster. Other
items of auxiliary machinery fitted include Hamworthy auxiliary pumps and air
compressors, Serck heat exchangers, and a Victor oily water separator, rated at
2 ton/h. The Al Kabeer – is the twelfth tug to be built by Richard Dunston for
Gray Mackenzie and, as well as being the largest delivered by this builder, it
is probably one of the most versatile, with its capability for pushing, towing,
fire fighting, salvage, and dealing with oil spills – essential characteristics
for mammoth tanker handling tugs.
Задание 2
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
|
Propeller
|
двигатель, гребной винт
|
|
Coupled
|
спаренный, сцеплённый
|
|
Pitch
|
шаг
|
|
Fixed
|
неподвижный, закреплённый
|
|
Fixed-pitch
propeller
|
винт фиксированного шага
|
|
Nozzle
|
сопло
|
|
Gearbox
|
коробка передач
|
|
Aid
|
помощь, вспомогательное средство
|
|
Bow
|
носовая часть судна
|
|
to arrange
|
устанавливать
|
|
Fire pump
|
пожарный насос
|
|
Thruster
|
толкатель, стартовый ускоритель, подрулиливающее
уст-во
|
|
to maneuver
|
маневрировать, управлять
|
|
to man
|
укомплектовывать
|
|
Manned
|
с ручным управлением
|
|
Cycle
|
цикл, период, кругооборот
|
|
Alternator
|
генератор переменного тока
|
|
Auxiliary
sets
|
вспомогательные установки
|
|
Starboard
|
правый борт
|
|
Port side
|
левый борт
|
|
Aft
|
корма, сзади
|
|
Air
compressor
|
пульверизатор, воздушный компрессор
|
|
Heat
exchanger
|
теплообменник
|
|
Tug
|
буксир
|
|
Salvage
|
спасение
|
|
to spill
|
проливать
|
Задание 3
Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1)
What are the performances
of the main engine installed in the “AL KABEER”?
2) What is
provided for the further aid maneuvering?
3) What are the
principles of machinery space design?
4) Where from
are the engine and gearbox controlled?
5) How many
engine sets are provided?
6) To what
engine is the fire pump coupled?
7) What are the
other items of auxiliary machinery?
8) What is
All-Kabeer capable for?
9) What do the
two smaller units comprise?
Задание 4
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1)
The main engine is coupled
to a fixed-pitch propeller arranged in a steering nozzle a reverse/reduction
gearbox.
2)
A bow thruster is
hydraulically – operated and rated at 230 hp, it is provided to further aid
maneuvering.
3)
The starboard side larger
unit is coupled at the aft end to a fire-pump and at the forward end, a 105 kW
alternator.
4)
Two large and two smaller
auxiliary diesel engine sets are provided in “Al Kabeer”.
5) The “Al-Kabeer” is
probably one of the most versatile tugs, with its capacity for pushing, towing,
fire fighting, salvage and dealing with oil spills.
Задание 5
Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка
на английский.
1) Помещение машинного отделения
сконструировано таким образом, что его можно постоянно укомплектовывать, не
требуется отдельного помещения для контроля, а работа двигателя и коробки
передач контролируются с мостика.
2) Два малых вспомогательных двигателя
включают машину, работающую с эффективной мощностью 158 при 1800 оборотах в
минуту, и гибко встроенный генератор переменного тока.
3) Большие вспомогательные установки
включают два дизельных двигателя типа BF6M716 с рабочей мощностью 232.
4) Пожарный насос, установленный таким же
образом, соединяется с левым главным вспомогательным двигателем, хотя в данном
случае генератор переменного тока заменяется гидравлическим насосом.
5)
Другие виды вспомогательных механизмов включают вспомогательные насосы,
воздушные компрессоры, теплообменники и сепаратор воды и нефти.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
РАБОТА №11
Задание 1
Переведите текст.
DOXFORD
The Doxford J. Engine is of the two-stroke, single acting, opposed
piston type, which means that each pair of pistons makes one working stroke
each complete revolution of the crankshaft.
Each cylinder unit contains two pistons, which reciprocate about a
central combustion space into which fuel is injected. The pistons of each
cylinder are connected to a three-throw section of the crankshaft, the lower
piston being coupled to the centre throw by a single connecting rod. Each pair
of side cranks connected to the upper piston by two connecting rods, crossheads
and side rods.
As the pistons move towards each other, air is compressed in the
cylinder and shortly before reaching the point of minimum volume between the
pistons (inner dead centre) fuel at high pressure is injected through the
injector nozzles in an atomized condition into the combustion space. Due to
compression the air contained in the combustion space at the point of injection
is at an extremely high temperature, causing the fuel to ignite. During the
first part of combustion of the fuel the pressure in the cylinder continues to
rise until a maximum value is reached soon after the pistons begin to move
apart. After combustion of the fuel in the cylinder is completed, the hot gases
continue to expand, thereby forcing the pistons apart until the exhaust ports
in the upper liner are uncovered by the upper piston. As the exhaust ports open
the hot gases in the cylinder, now at a reduced pressure, are discharged to the
turbine of the turbochargers, so causing the pressure in the cylinder to drop
to a level just below that of the scavenge air. At this point the air inlet
ports in the lower liner are uncovered by the lower piston, so allowing air
under pressure, which is delivered to the scavenge space by the turbocharger,
to flow through the cylinder expelling the remaining burnt gases.
During the inward compression stroke of the pistons the air inlet ports
are closed just before the exhaust ports. The air in the cylinder is then
compressed and the cycle repeated.
Words to be Learnt
opposed-piston engine - двигатель, с противоположно-движущимися расходящимися поршнями
crankshaft - коленчатый вал
lower piston - нижний поршень
couple -
прикреплять, присоединять
connecting rod - шатун
side cranks - боковой кривошип
cross head - крейцкопф,
ползун, головка поршневого стержня
side rods - боковой
стержень (рычаг, тяга)
injector nozzle - впрыскивающее сопло,
форсунка
force -
заставлять, вынуждать
exhaust parts - выпускное отверстие,
выхлопное окно
upper liner - верхняя
подкрепительная планка, втулка
scavenge space - продувочное
пространство
compression stroke - ход сжатия (в двигателе)
Задание 2
Переведите предложения с английского на русский:
1)
The main bearings are of
large diameter and relatively short length, the side webs of the three throw
crank elements being incorporated into the main journals.
2)
In the fully built design
the centre webs are made from forged steel slabs which are shrunk on the centre
pin in the semi-built crankshaft the centre throw is a steel casting.
3)
The bedplate is designed as
a rigid structure, by using a double wall design for the longitudinal box
section girder as well as for the cross members which retain the main bearing
housing in the deep bed-plate, all the spherical bearings have therefore been
removed.
4)
Fitted into the supply of
the centre crosshead is a special type of valve which permits full flow of oil
when the crosshead is approaching the outer dead centre position but increases
the pressure of oil tenfold when the piston approaches inner dead centre, thus
ensuring a liberal supply of high pressure oil to the centre crosshead
bearings.
5)
The upper pistons are water
cooled by means of telescopic pipes and the jacket water and the upper piston
cooling system has been designed to ensure that cooling water will not leak in
the cylinder or entablature.
6)
The fuel system is the
common rail type, having a multi-ram pump feeding a common manifold at high
pressure, excess fuel is spilled back to a buffer tank by means of a special
fuel spill valve.
Задание 3
Ответьте на вопросы:
1)
What does each cylinder
unit of Doxford J. Engine contain?
2)
How are the pistons of each
cylinder, connected to the crankshaft and by what means?
3)
When is the fuel injected
through the injector nozzles?
4)
What causes the fuel to
ignite?
5)
What happens after
combustion of the fuel, in the cylinder is completed?
6)
When are the air inlet
ports in the lower liner uncovered?
7)
What causes the pressure in
the cylinder to drop to a level just below that of the scavenge air?
8)
When are the air inlet
ports closed?
9)
When is the cycle repeated?
10)What type of engine is the Doxford?
Задание 4
Переведите с русского на английский:
1)
При приближении
поршня к внутреннему центу происходит сжатие в одной камере и расширение в
другой.
2)
В крышке
цилиндра расположена форсунка, которая предназначена для распыления топлива.
3)
Автоматический
регулятор предназначен для контроля за частотой вращения коленчатого вала
двигателя.
4)
Топливная
система состоит из топливного насоса высокого давления, топливных трубопроводов
и расходной цистерны.
5)
Перед
использованием, тяжелое топливо подогревается с помощью парового змеевика,
расположенного в днище топливного бака.
Задание 5
Перескажите текст.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
РАБОТА № 12
Задание 1.
Переведите текст. SULZER
The latest type of slow running crosshead engine designed by Sulzer has
been given the designation RND. This design is a direct result of experience
gained from the RD type. The cylinder bores available for the RND type are 68,
76, 90 and 105cm. The engine is a two stroke single acting reversible marine
oil engine capable of burning all grades of fuel oil from gas oil to boiler
fuel.
The turbo-charging system is of the constant pressure type which
dispenses with the rotary exhaust valve and drive required for the pulse
exhaust system of the RD type engine.
The design of
the bedplate, columns and cylinder block has, in common with other engine
designs, been aimed at rigidity to ensure that the internal forces and
movements produce low stress and the minimum of deformation.
The fabricated double wall design of the deep bedplate and the
longitudinal box section girders have been retained. The cross members which
retain the main bearings are made from forged or cast steel. This centre piece
replaces the
previous unit of welded design and eliminates the welded seams in the zone of
maximum stress. The main bearings are made of white metal lined steel bearing
shells which are interchangeable and can be dismantled from the engine using
special equipment by rotating the crankshaft.
The crankshafts are made from forged steel and are of the semi-built
type. The webs of the RND 105 being designed in such a way, that the rotating
masses are partially balanced. On the RND 90 crankshaft provision is made for
attaching balance weights whereas the smaller engines do not require any
counterweights. A separate shaft is provided to accommodate the thrust bearing.
Each cylinder has its own cast iron cylinder block and these are bolted
together to form a rigid longitudinal girder. Special attention has been given
to the forces from the cylinder cover bolts with the result that the cylinder
blocks, column and bedplate are placed under compressive stress by long tie
bolts to overcome this force flux. The cylinder blocks are fresh water cooled,
the inlet being as low as practicable and the outlet in the cylinder head.
Words to be Learnt
gain - преимущество
cylinder bore - диаметр цилиндра в
свету
reversible -
реверсивный, имеющий передний и задний ход
dispense with - обходится без
(чего-либо)
rotary exhaust valve - вращающийся золотник выхлопа
pulse exhaust system - импульсная система
seam -
шов, паз
longitudinal box section girder - продольное
коробчато-балочное соединение
semi-built type - полувстроенного типа
counterweight -
противовес
rigid -
жесткий, негнущийся
long tie bolts - длинные крепежные
болты
force flux - силовой поток
Задание 2
Переведите предложения с английского на русский:
1)
The one-piece liner is made
from a special cast iron and has cooling holes drilled in way of the combustion
chamber at an angle to the liner axis, thus enabling cooling water to be led to
within about 30mm of the running surface.
2)
The running surfaces of the
cylinder liner are lubricated through a number of quills. Grooves cut in the
running surface help to distribute oil over the bore.
3)
The engine is fitted with a
Woodward governor which controls engine speed by acting on the fuel pump. A
torque limiting devices at switch alarm are fitted to prevent overloading.
4)
The lubricating oil system
has one common source of supply for low and medium pressure systems.
5)
The pistons are water
cooled by means of telescopic or trombone pipes which are separated from the
crankcase by means of a special water-tight bulkhead.
6)
The piston cooling system
has been designed to ensure that cooling water will not leak into the scavenge
space and so mix with combustion residues.
Задание 3
Ответьте на вопросы:
1)
What fuel is Sulzer engine
capable to burn?
2)
What type is turbo-charging
system?
3)
What is the function of the
bedplate, columns and cylinder block?
4)
What material are the cross
members which retain the main bearings made of?
5)
How can the main bearings
be dismantled from the engine? Are they interchangeable?
6) How are the webs of the RND 103 designed?
7)
What is the crankshaft of
the RND 90 made for?
8)
What is the function of
separate shaft?
9)
What formes a rigid
longitudinal girder?
10)
Why are the cylinder
blocks, column and bedplate placed under compressive stress by long tie bolts?
Задание 4
Переведите с русского на английский:
1)
Двухтактный
двигатель может работать на тяжелых видах топлива.
2)
Подача топлива
производится форсункой, размещенной в крышке цилиндра.
3)
Тщательное
смешивание топлива и воздуха происходит в камере сгорания.
4)
При движении
поршня вверх происходит сжатие смеси и при определенном давлении и температуре
топливо самовоспламеняется.
5)
Выхлопные окна
расположены в нижней части цилиндра и служат для удаления выхлопных газов с
помощью продувочного воздуха.
Задание 5
Перескажите текст.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТА № 13
Задание 1
Переведите текст.
BURMEISTER & WAIN ENGINE
The latest type of diesel engine produced to the B & W design for
marine propulsion is single acting, two stroke crosshead, single piston type
with the scavenge air supplied by exhaust gas driven turbochargers.
The bedplate and 'A' frame are of fabricated welded steel design, and
the bedplate is secured to the tank top by substantial foundation bolts,
transverse plate is absorbed by side chock bolts and fore and aft movement by
end chock bolts. The main bearings for the crankshaft are incorporated into the
bedplate cross girders, and consist of tripartite shells. A separate thrust
fitted to the aft end of the crankshaft absorbs the thrust from the propeller.
Bedplate, frames, scavenge air box and cooling jackets are tightened
together by means of long tie bolts, the lower nuts bearing on the bedplate
transverse girders, the upper nuts are tightened against the outside of the cooling
jackets by means of hydraulic tools.
The camshaft for the exhaust valve, actuating gear, fuel pumps,
governor, starting air distributor and cylinder lubricators is chain driven.
The chain drive consists of two identical roller chains driven from wheels
bolted to the crankshaft and over a chain wheel connected to the reversing
mechanism.
The operation
of the exhaust valves, is controlled by cams, which are shrunk onto the
camshaft. Each cam acts on a roller follower which activates a hydraulic system
which in turn operates the exhaust valve at the predetermined moment in the
engine cycle.
Each cylinder is fitted into a heavy cooling jacket and all jackets in
each cylinder group are bolted together to form a rigid unit. The liner which
is made of special cast iron extends down into the scavenging air receiver and
the scavenge ports are so placed that they are uncovered when the piston is at
outer dead centre.
Words to be Learnt
bedplate - фундаментная плита
tank top - настил
внутреннего дна, крышка цистерны
side chock - бортовая киповая
планка
bedplate cross girders - поперечная балка машинного
фундамента
propulsion -
двигатель, двигатели
crosshead -
крейцкопф, головка поршня, головка шатуна
cross head
engine - двигатель с крейцкопфом
scavenging air - продувочный воздух
transverse - поперечный
main bearing - рамовый подшипник,
коренной подшипник
Задание 2
Переведите предложения с английского на русский
1)
Cooling water is used from
the cylinder liner, cylinder cover and turbochargers.
2)
The piston is cooled with
oil supplied from the engine pressure oil system, the oil being fed to the
piston by means of a telescopic pipe, bracket, and then through the crosshead
to an annual space around an oil discharge pipe which is fitted inside the
piston rod.
3)
From the piston head the
oil passes through passages to the internal pipe and from there they are piped
to the observation glasses in the crankcase doors.
4)
During normal running, i.e.
Bridge Control or Engine Room Control, all maneuvering of the engine is
effected through the pneumatically controlled governor, whose terminal shaft
controls a regulating amplifier which is connected to the speed control shaft.
5)
In the event of the
pneumatic system failing the manual emergency system is brought into action.
6)The starting
air system is designed for 30 Kp/cm2 and the control air system for
7 Kp/cm2.
Задание 3
Ответьте на вопросы:
1)
What characteristics has
the latest type of diesel engine produced to the Burmeister & Wain?
2)
By what is the bedplate
secured to the tank top?
3)
What do the main bearings
consist of?
4)
What is the function of a
separate thrust?
5)
What does the chain drive
consist of?
6) How does each cam act?
6)
Why are cooling jackets
tightened together? By what are they tightened?
7)
What is the liner made of?
8)
How are the scavenge ports
placed?
9)How is the
scavenging air receiver located?
Задание 4
Переведите с русского на английский:
1)
Обычно станина
изготавливается из стального каркаса и крепится массивными болтами.
2)
Цель управления
состоит из регулирования частоты вращения коленчатого вала двигателя с помощью
топливной рейки.
3)
Для охлаждения
цилиндра используется пресная вода, которая поступает из расположенного выше
двигателя распределительного бачка.
4)
Кулаки, которые
расположены на распределительном вале, управляют действием выхлопных клапанов.
5)
Главные
подшипники для коленчатого вала расположены в пастелях фундаментной рамы.
Задание 5
Перескажите текст.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ
РАБОТА № 14
Задание 1
Переведите
текст
GRANDI MOTORI TRIESTE
The large slow speed engines of GMT (Fiat) design operate on single
acting 2-stroke cycle and are arranged for mechanical fuel injection and
supercharging is by exhaust gas turbochargers. The engines are designed for
continuous operation, maneuvering and starting on heavy fuel.
The main engine structure is in 3 parts, the bedplate, 'A' frames and
cylinder blocks, all being held in compression by long through tie bolts which
overcome the stresses created by the firing loads.
The bedplate is a fabricated steel construction with the athwartship
cast steel bearing housing welded into the two longitudinal steel girders. The
base of the bedplate is closed by a sump which collects the lubricating oil.
The bottom half of the crankshaft journal bearings are made from steel
shells lined with a high tin content white metal, whilst the bearing keep is of
cast steel also white metal lined. The main bearing keeps are retained in
position by strong struts which incorporate a built-in hydraulic jacking device
acting against the 'A' frame. The bearing shells are so designed that they can
be removed for maintenance purposes without disturbing the crankshaft.
The columns are
of fabricated steel, rigidly constructed to form the main engine framework.
They are joined together at the top by the crosshead guides and the casting
which carries the diaphragm glands, and at the bottom by longitudinal beams.
The space between the bottom of the cylinder and the diaphragm gland is open to
the atmosphere and thus will give an instantaneous indication of gas or flame
blow-by and therefore the risk of fire or crankcase explosion is reduced.
Cooling water leakages are also easily detected and separated from the
crankcase.
The main cylinder liners are of special cast iron with the scavenge air
inlet ports on one side and the exhaust gas ports on the opposite side. This
scavenging system uses no mechanical parts and therefore has no exhaust valves.
Words to be Learnt
crankshaft
bearing - рамовый подшипник
crankshaft
journal - шейка коленчатого вала
cylinder block - блок цилиндров
framework -
остов, каркас, решетчатая ферма
diaphragm gland - уплотнительная мембрана
longitudinal beam - продольная балка
scavenging system - продувочное устройство
Задание 2
Переведите предложения с английского на русский:
1)
The cylinder liner design
is in two parts, the upper portion has a cast steel external envelope which
acts as a strong back during the combustion process, the lower section contains
the scavenge and exhaust ports and is connected to the upper envelope by stud
bolts, the liner is free to expand downward, the running surface is lubricated
by means of the usual quills.
2)
The crankshaft is of the
semi-built type with the cast steel throws shrunk-on to the forged steel pins.
The thrust block forms an integral part of the engine with the shaft bolted
directly to the crankshaft.
3)
The pistons for the large
powered engine are cooled by water by means of chrome plated telescopic pipes
which operate on glands designed to eliminate pollution of the crankcase.
4)
The scavenging process is a
two stage operation, the first stage is carried out by the exhaust gas driven
turbochargers and from there the gas is passed to engine driven reciprocating
air pumps where it is compressed and passed into the scavenge air receiver.
5)
Cooling of the air takes
place after each stage with the whole system being under constant pressure.
Задание3
Ответьте на вопросы:
1) How do the
large slow speed engines of GMT design operate?
2) For what are
the engines designed?
3) What parts
is the main engine structure divided into? Describe them.
7)
What is the bedplate made
of?
8)
Where is the sump located?
What is it used for?
9)
What material is used for
the bottom half of the crank shaft journal bearings?
10)
What is the function of
strong struts?
11)
How are the bearing shells
designed?
12)
What construction forms the
main engine framework? What material are they made of?
13) Why is the space between the bottom of the cylinder and the diaphragm
open to the atmosphere?
Задание 4
Переведите с русского на английский:
1) Тихоходные двигатели предназначены для
продолжительной работы на тяжелом топливе.
2) Станина является одной из основных
частей двигателя представляет собой цельную стальную конструкцию.
3) Коленчатый вал представляет собой
цельную сваренную конструкцию.
4) Главные подшипники установлены по краям
коленчатого вала.
5) Между основанием цилиндра и диафрагмой
находится уплотнение, не позволяющее выхлопным газам проникать под цилиндр.
Задание 5
Перескажите текст.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТА № 15
Задание 1
Переведите текст.
M. A. N.
The latest large bore two stroke M.A.N. engine is the KSZ 90/160B series
in cylinder numbers from 6 to 12 and developing 2700 K.W. 3672 H.P./cyl. The
engine operates at 122 rev/min. with an M.E.P. of 13 bar and a mean piston
speed of 6.5 m/sec.
The bedplate is of fabricated design and consists of two I-Shaped
longitudinal girders with transverse members into which the cast steel bearing
housings are welded. The thrust bearing casing is incorporated into the
bedplate.
Columns as such
have been replaced by frames constructed of box shaped longitudinal girders.
The fabricated top and bottom sections run the full length of the engine and
are mounted on the bedplate. Such an engine frame helps to stiffen the engine
and so protect the bearings from the deformation forces transmitted via the
ship's double bottom. The cast iron guide-ways for the crosshead are attached
to the top section and seal off the crankcase.
The cylinder jackets are individual castings bolted together to form one
continuous member. The one piece cylinder liners are fitted into the jackets
from the top and a cast steel strong back is fitted in way of the combustion
space to help absorb gas forces. The scavenge process is the M.A.N. loop system
and the scavenge, and exhaust ports are arranged in two tiers and are carried
far around the liner. The vertical lands between the ports are cooled by water
passing through cast in tubes and thence to passages arranged around the liner
above the exhaust ports.
Each cylinder cover is in two parts, the lower section is of special
thin walled forged steel permitting the area in way of the combustion gases to
be intensively cooled whilst absorbing thermal stresses and this is held in
position by an upper supporting unit of cast iron, which transmits the gas forces
to the cylinder jackets via long studs. The joint face between the cylinder
cover and the liner is arranged as far away from the combustion process as
possible. The gas loads on the engine structure are constrained by means of
hydraulically preloaded tie rods which connect the bedplate, frame sections and
cylinder jackets into a single unit.
The crankshaft is of the semi built type, with the journal being shrunk
into the forged or cast steel crank throws. With the exception of the six
cylinder engine, it is in two parts joined by fitted bolts. The coupling flange
for attachment to the propeller shaft also accommodates the turning gear and is
integrally forged with the crankshaft. The aft end section also incorporates a
thrust collar. The drive for the camshaft gear train is taken from a spur gear
which for a six cylinder engine is at the coupling end and for 7 to 12 cylinder
engines the drive is located in the middle of the engine.
Words to be Learnt
longitudinal
girders - продольная балка
thrust bearing - упорный подшипник
engine frame - машинная рама
stiffer -
жестко укреплять
via -
через, с заходом в …
crosshead -
крейцкопф, ползун
guide-way -
направляющая для крейцкопфа
seal -
уплотнение, сальник, изоляция, запайка
cylinder jacket - рубашка цилиндра
scavenge process - процесс продувки
liner -
подкрепительная планка, втулка
passage -
проход
whilst -
в то время как
stud -
контрфорс, шип
vertical lands - вертикальная
плоскость
Задание 2
Переведите с английского на русский:
1)
The piston crown is of
forged steel and is designed for intensive cooling, the central supporting body
is of cast steel and is mainly subjected to compressive stresses. A single
piece piston skirt guides the piston in the cylinder liner.
2)
The crosshead pin bearings
are white metal lined shells lubricated by means of high pressure pumps. The
piston forces are transmitted over the entire length of the crosshead pin.
3)
The principle of
hydrostatic lubrication has been applied to the crosshead using high pressure
lubricators.
4)
Scavenging of the cylinder
liner is on the loop scavenge system and constant pressure of the exhaust gas
is used to drive the turbochargers.
5)
During running up and in
the lower partial load range the turbochargers are assisted by electrically
driven auxiliary blowers connected before the compressors of the main blowers.
6) Diffusers are fitted in the exhaust system and facilitates charge
removal and scavenging in each cylinder.
Задание 3
Ответьте на вопросы:
1)
What is the characteristic
features of M.A.N. engine's bedplate?
2)
Where are top and bottom
sectors mounted?
3)
What is the function of
engine frame?
4)
What parts are attached to
the top section and seal off the crankcase?
5)
Where are the one piece
cylinder liners and a cast steel strong back fitted and what for?
6) What are the vertical lands between the ports cooled by?
7)
Where is the joint face
between the cylinder cover and the liner arranged?
8)
What is the construction of
the crankshaft? What is it joined by?
9)
What accommodates the
turning gear and forged with the crankshaft?
10)
What incorporates a thrust
collar?
Задание 4
Переведите с русского на английский:
1) Процесс выхлопа осуществляется
двигателем поршня вверх и вниз.
2) Коленчатый вал двигателя МАН изготовлен
из высококачественной стали, позволяющей выдержать большие нагрузки.
3) Верхняя часть поршня предназначена для
улучшенного восприятия толкающей силы газов при детонации.
4) Принцип смазки осуществляется при
определенном давлении к трущимся деталям.
5) Очистка камеры сгорания производится
периодически пум шлифовки стенок цилиндра.
Задание 5
Перескажите текст.
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